Printable interfaces and digital linkmarks

ABSTRACT

The present invention improves the human/computer interface by providing printable interfaces that enable a user to invoke and control computer processes. The present invention teaches an encoded physical medium suitable for use in interfacing a computer user and a computer system such that the user can control and/or access a plurality of computer implemented processes such computer applications and web pages. The encoded physical medium has a Linkmark and an instruction mark. Encoded within the Linkmark is machine readable linking information directing to a computer implemented process. Encoded within the instruction mark is a machine readable operating instruction that, when decoded, may be executed by the computer implemented process. The present invention also teaches that the marks can present human readable information related to the nature of the machine readable information stored therein. For example, the Linkmark may have graphical illustrations indicating content found at the web page, media format of the content, user designation, payment and membership requirements, communication speed, duration of content, etc. The present invention further teaches a two-dimensional bar code with a plurality of colored glyphs formed such that the average color of the two-dimensional bar code represents encoded information. The colored glyphs are also arranged such that digital information is encoded within the two-dimensional bar code.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of Dougherty et al.'s copending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/946,327, filed Oct. 7, 1997, entitled“Methods and Systems for Providing Human/Computer Interfaces,” nowpending, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Thisapplication further claims the benefit of Dougherty et al.'s copendingprovisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 06,068,780, filed Dec. 24,1997, entitled “Printable Interfaces and Digital Linkmarks,” which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to computer interfaces. Morespecifically, the present invention discloses a variety of printableinterfaces wherein an encoded Linkmark™ provides machine readableinformation and a Multicon™ Linkmark provides both machine and humanreadable information. The human readable information indicates to theuser the nature of the machine readable information, and the machineinformation enables a user to interface with and control a computersystem. The present invention also teaches multi-colored two-dimensionalbar codes that provide machine readable information through both thedigital information in the bar code glyph and the average color of thebar code glyph.

People are constantly interacting with computerized systems, from thetrivial (e.g., the computerized toaster or the remote controltelevision) to the exceedingly complex (e.g., telecommunications systemsand the Internet). An advantage of computerization is that such systemsprovide flexibility and power to their users. However, the price thatmust be paid for this power and flexibility is, typically, an increasein the difficulty of the human/machine interface.

A fundamental reason for this problem is that computers operate onprinciples based on the abstract concepts of mathematics and logic,while humans tend to think in a more spatial manner. Often people aremore comfortable with physical, three-dimensional objects than they arewith the abstractions of the computer world. In short, the power andflexibility provided by the computer and related electronic technologyare inherently limited by the ability of the human user to control thesedevices. Since people do not think like computers, metaphors are adoptedto permit people to effectively communicate with computers. In general,better metaphors permit more efficient and medium independentcommunications between people and computers. The better metaphor willprovide the user a natural and intuitive interface with the computerwithout sacrificing the computer's potential.

There are, of course, a number of computer interfaces which allow users,with varying degrees of comfort and ease, to interact with computers.For example, keyboards, computer mice, joysticks, etc. allow users tophysically manipulate a three-dimensional object to create an input intoa computer system. However, these computer interfaces are quiteartificial in nature, and tend to require a substantial investment intraining to be used efficiently.

Progress has been made in improving the computer interface with thegraphical user interface (GUI). With a GUI, icons that representphysical objects are displayed on a computer screen. For example, adocument file may look like a page of a document, a directory file mightlook like a file folder, and an icon of a trash can may be used fordisposing of documents and files. In other words, GUIs use “metaphors”where a graphical icon represents a physical object familiar to users.This makes GUIs easier for most people to use. GUIs were pioneered atsuch places as Xerox PARC of Palo Alto, Calif. and Apple Computer, Inc.of Cupertino, Calif. The GUI is also often commonly used with UNIX™based systems, and is rapidly becoming a standard in the PC/MS-DOS worldwith the Windows™ operating system provided by Microsoft Corporation ofRedmond, Wash.

While GUIs are a major advance in computer interfaces, they nonethelesspresent a user with a learning curve due to their still limitedmetaphor. In other words, an icon can only represent a physical object;it is not itself a physical object. It would be ideal if the computerinterface was embodied in a physical medium which could convey afamiliar meaning, one perhaps relevant to the task at hand. Whileprogress has been made towards achieving such a goal, many roadblocksyet remain. For example, assuming that for a given application one hasselected a physical medium for use as a computer interface, theinformation necessary to support the computer interface must still beencoded within the physical medium. Additionally, techniques must bedeveloped for linking such interfaces with the vast wealth ofinformation available from remote sources using computer networks likethe Internet.

Redford et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 5,634,265, entitled “PRINTED PUBLICATIONREMOTE CONTROL FOR ACCESSING INTERACTIVE MEDIA,” filed Jul. 1, 1994,describes one rudimentary mechanism for encoding information within aphysical medium. Redford describes the use of a printed publication suchas a book being constructed to include a storage media, a data button,and remote control circuitry. The button is physically attached to theprinted publication and when activated by a user, data from the storagemedia can initiate local feedback at the printed publication and theremote control can transmit a control message to a remote computersystem which in turn performs some desired operation.

While strides have been made in attempting to improve computerinterfaces, there is still progress to be made in this field.Ultimately, the interface itself should disappear from the consciousthought of users so that they can intuitively accomplish their goalswithout concern to the mechanics of the interface or the underlyingoperation of the computerized system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention improves the human/computer interface by providingprintable interfaces that enable a user to invoke and control computerprocesses. A first embodiment of the present invention teaches anencoded physical medium suitable for use in interfacing a computer userand a computer system such that the user can control a plurality ofcomputer implemented processes. The encoded physical medium has aLinkmark and an instruction mark. Encoded within the Linkmark is machinereadable linking information directing to a computer implementedprocess. Encoded within the instruction mark is a machine readableoperating instruction that, when decoded, may be executed by thecomputer implemented process.

The computer implemented process may be a web site, a web page, acomputer application, etc. Hence, when the computer implemented processis a web page or web site, the machine readable linking informationprovides, either directly or indirectly by way of reference to a centralserver database, a uniform resource locator (URL) pointing to the webpage or web site. In this case, the machine readable operatinginstruction could be a navigation command or other suitable instructionfor controlling the invoked web site.

Certain embodiments of the present invention teach that certain marks(termed Multicon Linkmarks) also present human readable informationrelated to the nature of the machine readable information storedtherein. For example, the Multicon Linkmark may have graphicalillustrations indicating content found at the web page, media format ofthe content, user designation, payment and membership requirements,communication speed, duration of content, etc.

In another embodiment, the format of the machine readable information isa two-dimensional bar code comprising a plurality of colored glyphs, theplurality of colored glyphs arranged such that digital information isencoded within the two-dimensional bar code, the color intensities ofthe colored glyphs being such that further information is encoded as anaverage color intensity of the combination of the plurality of coloredglyphs.

Still another embodiment of the present invention teaches a computersystem suitable for controlling a computer implemented process. Thecomputer system has a digital processor, memory coupled to the digitalprocessor storing operating instructions suitable for controlling theoperation of the digital processor, an encoded physical medium similarto that described above, and a sensor coupled to the digital processorand operable for measuring information present within each mark locatedon the encoded physical medium. Thus when a user engages the sensor withone of the encoded marks located on the physical medium, the computersystem responds by performing the appropriate action such as invokingthe indicated computer process or executing the instruction within thecomputer process.

The present invention therefore provides a more intuitive and richermetaphor for the interaction between humans and computerized systems.These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparentupon reading the following detailed descriptions and studying thevarious figures of the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a computer interface inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating one method for providing aninterface between a user and a computer system in accordance with oneaspect of the present invention.

FIGS. 3-5 are illustrations of three Linkmarks in accordance with threerelated embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic illustration of a hot spot in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a sensor responsive to a spectral encoding scheme inaccordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating one suitable method for measuringinformation encoded in a hot spot.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating one suitable method for invoking andcontrolling a computer implemented process with Linkmarks andinstruction marks in accordance with one aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 10 illustrates a Multicon Linkmark including both machine and humanreadable information, the human readable information being related tothe characteristic traits of the computer process indicated by themachine readable information;

FIG. 11 illustrates a printable interface having the Multicon Linkmarkof FIG. 10 together with four different instruction Linkmarks;

FIG. 12 is a Multicon legend showing a variety of icons each providing agraphical illustration of a certain characteristic trait of acorresponding web site;

FIGS. 13-15 illustrate three different Multicon Linkmarks demonstratingthe encoding scheme of the Multicon legend of FIG. 12; and

FIG. 16 illustrates a two-dimensional bar code in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With reference to FIG. 1, a computer interface 10 in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention will now be described. The interface10 includes a sensor 12 and an encoded physical medium 30. As will beapparent, the computer interface 10 provides an intuitive mechanism fora user to interface with and control an electronic device such as acomputer system 40. As further illustrated in FIG. 1, the computersystem 40 is coupled bi-directionally to a network such as the Internet42 via communications link 44. Those skilled in the art will be wellfamiliar with the operation of the Internet, and the technicalrequirements for coupling a computer system therewith.

The encoded physical medium 30 typically includes a plurality of regionssuch as region 32, 50, 52, and 54 wherein information has been encoded.The content of such regions may be encoded according to a well knowncontent encoding scheme such as a bar code scheme. The present inventionalso teaches a variety of new encoding schemes. For example, a contentencoding scheme contemplated by the present invention is a bar codeprinted using invisible, e.g. infrared (IR), inks. Such a bar code wouldbe apparent to the sensor but invisible to the user. Alternatively, thecontent of the region 32 may be encoded according to a spectral encodingscheme. One specific example of a suitable spectral encoding scheme isdescribed below with reference to FIGS. 6-8. The encoded physical medium30 may also include a document identification (ID) hotspot 33, similarto the region 32. The content encoded within the document ID hotspot 33will, however, be special in that it provides an indication of theidentity of the particular encoded physical medium 30.

The encoded regions 50, 52, and 54 are special regions termed Linkmarks.Encoded within the Linkmark 50 is information that the computer system40 can utilize to open, access or implement a computer implementedprocess such as a computer application, a web page, or a web site. Incertain embodiments, information encoded on the Linkmark 50 may includea uniform resource locator (URL) that directs to a particular web pageor web site located on the Internet. In other embodiments, informationencoded on the Linkmark 50 may include a particular document availableupon the computer system 40, the computer implemented process in thiscase being the application which must execute in order to access theparticular document. Certain Linkmarks are Multicon Linkmarks which, inaddition to encoded machine readable information, provide human readableinformation indicating to a viewer the nature, function, or capabilityof the encoded machine readable information. Different embodiments ofLinkmarks and their use are described in more detail below withreference to FIGS. 3-5 and FIGS. 9-12.

In certain embodiments, encoded regions such as the region 32 alsoinclude a marker 34 indicating that certain encoded information ispresent in the region 32. By way of example, in one spectral encodingscheme, the desired content for the region 32 is represented accordingto different visible and infrared inks (reflective and/orphotoluminescent) applied to the region 32. The marker 34 is representedby yet another infrared ink similarly applied to the region 34. In thisexample, the user would not see the marker 34, but may or may not see avisual representation of the content encoded in the region 32.

The encoded physical medium 30 may take any suitable form. By way ofexample, the encoded physical medium 30 may be a page from a physicalbook or magazine, an article of clothing such as a T-shirt, a globe,consumer product packaging, etc. Such encoded physical mediums may havebeen marked and encoded with data for the specific purpose of providingthe interface of the present invention. Alternatively, the encodedphysical medium 30 may simply be items selected from a user'ssurroundings, the encoded information arising randomly orunintentionally (at least with relation to the user's application). Inanother embodiment, the encoded content arises randomly orunintentionally, but a marker 34 is applied intentionally.

The sensor 12 includes a sensing element 13, a decoder 14, a transceiver16, an on/off switch 18, and memory 20. The sensing element 13 isarranged to measure information present on the encoded physical medium30. When the utilized encoding scheme implements a marker 34, thedecoder 14 is arranged to determine whether the marker 34 is present inmeasured information, and when the marker 34 is sensed, to decode themeasured information. The transceiver 16 is operable to transmit datasuch as decoded information to the computer system 40. Depending uponthe embodiment, the transceiver 16 may establish either auni-directional or bi-directional communications link 22 between theinterface 10 and the computer system 40. The communications link 22 ispreferably a wireless communications link such as one based uponinfrared (IR), radio-frequency (RF), or ultrasonic communicationstechnology However, the communications link 22 may take the form of awired communications link such as a serial RS-232 or RS-485 data cable,or a parallel data cable.

In some embodiments, the sensor 12 operates by measuring informationselected from the encoded physical medium 30 by the user, decoding asnecessary, and then transmitting the decoded information to the computersystem 40 for further processing. In other embodiments, the sensor 12includes further hardware for processing the measured informationlocally. For example, the sensor 12 may include a microcontroller suchas a PIC microcontroller programmed to process the measured information.The decoder 14 may be part of the microcontroller, or may be separatecircuitry. In some embodiments, the sensor 12 maintains in the memory 20a database related to the measured information. The information storedin the database may be used locally at the sensor and/or saved forsubsequent transmission.

The computer system 40 appears in FIG. 1 as a personal desktop computer.However, it is contemplated that the interface 10 is suitable for usewith a wide scope of electronic devices. The wide scope of suitablecomputer systems encompasses all types of personal computers,interactive TV systems, set-top boxes, web interfaces, hapticinterfaces, streaming music and video sources, and many others. Oneparticular example is a WebTV “net-top box.” Further, although theinterface 10 is intended to be representative of and thus generic to abroad range of interfaces contemplated by the present invention, it willbe appreciated that computer interfaces of the present invention maytake many forms which go beyond the example interface 10 of FIG. 1.

With reference to FIG. 2, a method 100 for providing an interfacebetween a user and a computer system in accordance with one aspect ofthe present invention will now be described. An initial step 102provides the user with an encoded physical medium 30 and a sensor 12suitable for sensing information present within the encoded physicalmedium 30. As described above, the encoded physical medium 30 may takeany suitable form.

In a next step 104, the user explores the encoded physical medium 30 andselects a desired portion 32 of the encoded physical medium 30. The usermay be drawn into the desired portion 32 through text, coloring, orgraphics illustrated on the desired portion 32. The text, coloring orgraphics illustrated on the desired portion 32 may represent the encodedinformation, may be in addition to the encoded information, or may besome suitable combination of illustration and encoded information.Instead of being drawn in, perhaps in the case of a game or work task,the user may be selecting the desired portion 32 based upon somepredefined criteria. By way of example, the user may desire access to aparticular web page, wish to initiate a certain computer application, besearching for a clue to a puzzle game, or doing inventory and selectinga bar code found on a product during this process. In any event, oncethe user has selected the desired portion 32 in step 104, in a step 106the user engages the sensor 12 with the desired portion 32 of theencoded physical medium 30. The sensor engagement of step 106 willtypically involve the user setting the sensor 12 to an ON state thatindicates that the sensor 12 should be in operation. In the case of theinterface 10 of FIG. 1, the step 106 would involve operation of theon/off switch 18. Depending upon the particular sensor and theapplication, sensor engagement may require the user to bring the sensor12 into close proximity to or in contact with the desired region 32.

In a next step 108, the sensor 12 measures information present withinthe desired region 32 of the encoded physical medium 30. Information isdefined herein as any data that the sensor 12 is capable of measuring.Thus, the information measured by the sensor 12 is not limited toinformation that has been purposefully encoded into the desired region32 of the encoded physical medium 30.

A step 110 then determines whether the measured information has nullmeaning. When step 110 determines that the measured information has nullmeaning, it is simply determining that the measured information has notbeen marked, for the present purposes, as containing encodedinformation. However, as will be appreciated, a determination of nullmeaning may be consequential. Accordingly, when step 110 determines thatthe measured information has null meaning, a step 112 performs anyaction indicated by such a determination. For example, the sensor 12 maybe equipped with a light that blinks or a buzzer that sounds when themeasured information has null meaning. As another example, the sensor 12may have memory 20 that is utilized to keep track of the meaning of thedifferent measured regions, including each null determination.

Alternatively, the null information may be transmitted to the computersystem 40. In any event, once step 112 is complete, the control of themethod 100 is passed back to step 104 allowing the user to explorefurther and select another region 32 for sensing.

When it is determined in step 110 that the information measured in step108 does not have null meaning (e.g., the measured information has beenmarked as containing encoded information), control is passed to a step114 wherein the sensor 12 interprets the measured information. Dependingupon the specific application, step 114 may involve just decoding of theinformation from the particular encoding scheme into a data formatsuitable for transmission by the transceiver 16. However, in someembodiments significant processing of the measured information willoccur locally at the sensor 12. Thus in a next step 116, the sensor 12performs an operation that is a function of both the informationinterpreted in the step 114 and the context in which the information wasmeasured. Note that context depends upon the particular application andmay include the nature of previously interpreted information, the timingof the user's engagement of the sensor 12, information received at thesensor from the computer system 40, etc.

For example, with each new engagement of the sensor 12, the sensor 12may store the interpreted information in a database in the memory 20 andthen evaluate the database or a portion of it to determine whether apredefined condition has been satisfied. A predefined condition could bethe user gathering a set number of clues or data points, at which pointthe sensor transmits all or some of the stored information to thecomputer system 40. In one specific example, the user may be perusing anencoded catalog magazine 30 with a hand-held wand sensor 12. As the userengages the wand sensor 12 with regions of the catalog 30 representingdesired products, these regions are sensed and the information thereininterpreted by the wand sensor 12. When finished, the user may select anorder region 32 indicating to the sensor that the user is ready to orderand purchase the selected items. At this point, the communication link22 could be established with the computer system 40, which may be localor remote, and the user's order information could be transmitted to thecomputer system 40 which in turn could process the order or furthertransmit the order as necessary.

In other embodiments, the indicated action of step 116 includes thecomputer system 40 and/or the sensor 12 responding to the measuredinformation by providing feedback. The feedback could take any suitableform such as audio, visual or tactile feedback. In any event, once theindicated action has been performed in the step 116, the control of themethod 100 is passed back to step 104 allowing the user to furtherexplore the encoded physical medium 30 and select other regions forsensing.

As noted above with reference to FIG. 1, certain encoded physicalmediums 30 include a document ID hot spot 33. In these embodiments, whena user first begins exploring the encoded physical medium 30 asdescribed in step 104, the initial step 106 ought to be the engagementof the sensor 12 with the document ID hot spot 33. Then in steps114-116, the sensor 12 could store the document ID for later use, orimmediately transmit it to the computer system, or both; it depends uponthe specific application. For example, it is contemplated that thesensor 12 store the document ID and include it with content decoded fromeach subsequently measured region prior to further processing of thedecoded content.

Further, certain encoding schemes may not require the use of a marker.Within these schemes, steps 110 and 112 of FIG. 2 would becomeunnecessary, and thus another method for providing an interface using anencoding scheme without a marker could be implemented by simply skippingdirectly from step 108 to step 114 of FIG. 2.

With reference to FIGS. 3-5, a few different embodiments of the Linkmark50 will be described. In FIG. 3, a Linkmark 52 includes a Linkmark 50,and two instruction marks 60 and 62. The Linkmark 50, as described abovewith reference to FIG. 1, includes encoded information that serves todirect the computer system 40 to a web page, a web site, an applicationprogram, a certain computer document, or some other computer implementedprocess. Each of the instruction marks 60 and 62 include operatinginstructions that can be executed by or are related to control of thecomputer implemented process indicated by the Linkmark 50. For instance,should selection of the Linkmark 50 result in the invocation of aparticular web site, the instruction marks 60 and 62 may be navigationcommands such as scroll up and scroll down commands, respectively. Inanother example, the Linkmark 50 could invoke an application executingon the computer system 40 and the instruction marks correspond toparticular functions (e.g., navigation such as scrolling, printdocument, select text, run macro, etc.) that could be performed by theapplication.

FIGS. 4 shows a Linkmark 54 including a Linkmark 50 and four instructionmarks 60-66. FIG. 5 shows a Linkmark 56 including a Linkmark 50 and sixinstruction marks 60-70. These each illustrate suitable embodiments thatprovide a user of the printable interface additional tools forcontrolling the computer process invoked by selecting the Linkmark 50.The possible variety of printable interface tools include commands suchas back, forward, left, right, up, down, home, end, recent, favorite,options, open mail, scroll, page down, page up, zoom in, zoom out,invoke an alphanumeric input utility, alphanumeric characters, left andright panning, print screen, control, shift, enter, escape, help, moreinformation, etc.

With reference to FIGS. 6-8, a spectral encoding scheme according toanother embodiment of the present invention will be described. Thespectral encoding scheme represents content via three different valuesencoded within a hot spot 220. The sensor “decodes” these values bymeasuring the intensities of three different encoding colors C1, C2, andC3 found within the hot spot 220. C1, C2, and C3 may, for example,correspond to red, green, and blue (RGB). Alternatively, C1, C2, and C3may be selected from outside the visible light range (e.g., infraredcolors) or may be a combination of visible and invisible colors.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the hot spot 220 itselfcan be created using inks whose colors do not correspond directly to C1,C2, and C3. Take the instance where C1, C2, and C3 correspond to RGB.Most likely, the color printing system selected to produce the hot spot220 will be a “CMYK” type using cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), andblack (K) inks to produce color images. In such a case, the encodedmedium designer may be provided a mapping between CMYK space and thedifferent content values, even though the sensor will be determiningeach content value by measuring the intensities of the three differentencoding colors RGB within the hot spot 220.

FIG. 6 represents diagramattically a hot spot 220 encoded according tothe spectral encoding scheme. A pie chart 222 indicates that thedifferent encoding colors C1, C2, and C3 are measurable in the hot spot220, each taking on their own particular intensity. Thus the engagedsensor would measure three different values, one each for C1, C2, andC3. These values taken together provide the encoded content. FIG. 6 doesnot illustrate the visual appearance a hot spot would likely take on,but merely represents that the different encoding colors are measurablewithin the hot spot 220. Of course, depending upon the content encodedtherein, each hot spot will have varying intensity levels and in someinstances the intensity level of certain encoding colors would be zero.The actual visual appearance of the hot spot 220 would include any textand/or graphical illustrations that the designer has created.

FIG. 7 illustrates a sensor 300 responsive to the spectral encodingscheme and thus operable to measure information from an encoded physicalmedium 30. The sensor 300 includes a light emitter 302, a sensingelement 304, and a shroud 306. The light emitter 302 includes threelight emitting diodes LED1, LED2, and LED3, each operable to emit lightcorresponding to C1, C2, and C3, respectively. The sensing element 304is a broadband sensing element responsive to the entire light spectrum.A user engages the sensor 300 with a desired region 32 of the encodedphysical medium 30 by turning the sensor 300 on and bringing the lightemitter 302 and the sensing element 304 into reasonably close proximityto the desired region 32. When the sensor 300 is properly engaged withthe desired region 32, the shroud 306 helps prevent the sensing element304 from measuring extraneous information in the form of ambient light.

With reference to FIG. 8, one suitable method 108 for measuring theinformation stored within the desired region 32 will now be described.Simply put, the method 108 of FIG. 8 sequences through measuring theintensities of the encoding colors C1, C2, and C3. In a first step 320,the user engages the sensor 300 with the desired region 32. A step 322turns LED1 on, measures the reflected intensity of C1, and then turnsLED 1 off. A step 324 turns LED2 on, measures the reflected intensity ofC2, and then turns LED2 off. A step 326 turns LED3 on, measures thereflected intensity of C3, and then turns LED3 off. Typically thesensing element 304 will generate an analog voltage proportional to thelight intensity and the sensor 300 will include an analog-to-digital(A/D) converter. Thus the number of content identification numbersavailable with the first encoding scheme is directly dependent upon theprecision of the A/D converter.

With reference to FIG. 9, a method 400 for utilizing Linkmarks such asLinkmarks 50, 52, and 54 will now be described. In a step 402, thecomputer user selects a desired hot spot such as region 32. Then, in astep 404, the sensor 12 and the computer system 40 work together tosense, decode, and determine the nature of the certain informationencoded within the selected hot spot.

In a next step 406, the computer system determines whether the encodedinformation directs the computer system to a web page or web site. Forexample, the encoded information may include a uniform resource locator(URL) indicating a specific web page. When the computer system 40determines in step 406 that the encoded information does invoke a webpage or web site, in a step 408 the computer system 40 establishes acommunications link with the desired web page or web site, and providesthe information to the user. For example, the web page would likely bedisplayed upon a display screen coupled to the computer system 40. Oncethe communications link is established and the web page displayed forthe computer user, process control is returned to step 402 and thecomputer system awaits another command from the computer user and/orcontinues performing any ongoing operations.

On the other hand, when the computer system 40 determines in step 406that the encoded information does not invoke a web page or web site,then in a step 410 the computer system 40 determines whether the encodedinformation indicates that an application should be invoked or adocument opened. If yes, in a step 412, the computer system 40 willinvoke the application, or open the document with an appropriateapplication. After step 412, process control is returned to step 402 andthe computer system awaits another command from the computer user and/orcontinues performing any ongoing operations. If the encoded informationdoes not indicate that a computer implemented process should be invoked,process control is passed to a next step 414.

In step 414, the computer system determines whether the encodedinformation provides an instruction command for a previously invokedcomputer process such as a web page or application. When the encodedinformation does provide an instruction command for a previously invokedcomputer process, in a step 416 the computer system determines whetherto execute the instruction command locally or transmit the instructioncommand to the remote computer process for execution. When theinstruction command is to be performed locally, step 416 performs suchexecution. In any event, after step 416, process control is returned tostep 402 and the computer system awaits another command from thecomputer user and/or continues performing any ongoing operations.

When step 414 determines that the encoded information does not providean instruction command for a previously invoked computer process,process control is passed to a step 418. In step 418, the computersystem 40 determines the nature of the information provided by theencoded information and performs any necessary actions. Then, processcontrol is returned to step 402 and the computer system awaits anothercommand from the computer user and/or continues performing any ongoingoperations.

The foregoing has been mostly devoted towards a description of encodedmachine readable information, including both the character of theencoded information and some suitable techniques for encoding theinformation in a machine readable format. For example, with reference toFIGS. 3-5, it was described above how the encoded machine readableinformation could in some instances provide a direction to a web page,and in related instances the encoded machine readable informationprovided instructions suitable for controlling operation of the webpage. Similarly, with reference to FIGS. 6-8, one suitable encodingscheme for machine readable information, a spectral encoding scheme, wasdescribed.

The present invention further contemplates that in addition to theencoded machine readable information, Multicon hot spots, links, orinstruction marks will provide human readable information typicallyrelated to the encoded machine readable information. Take, for example,a simple color coding scheme distinguishing the nature of theinstruction marks. In one suitable paradigm, different shades of greencould indicate navigation instructions, different shades of red couldindicate editing functions, etc.

In certain embodiments, the Multicon Linkmarks provide graphicalillustrations that indicate at least one characteristic of the computerprocess to which the machine readable encoded linking informationdirects the computer system. For example, the graphical illustration mayindicate the media format available at a web page, the content typeavailable from the web page, the transmission rate at which the web pagecan communicate, the type of user to which the web page may appeal, etc.

With reference to FIG. 10, a Multicon Linkmark 500 including humanreadable information will now be described. In the upper left-handcorner 502, human readable information regarding the media typeavailable at the web site is shown. In the upper right-hand corner 504,human readable information regarding the content available at the website is shown. In the lower right-hand corner 506, human readableinformation regarding the suggested user type and web page constraintsis shown. In the lower left-hand corner 508, human readable informationregarding the size of the web page or web site, as well as thecommunications rate is shown.

The left-hand corner 502 has an audio icon 520, a text icon 522, and avideo icon 524. The audio icon 520 has the appearance of a compact diskread only memory (CD-ROM) device (or perhaps a vinyl record). The texticon 522 has the appearance of a sheet of paper with text on it. Thevideo icon 524 has the appearance of video film. These together indicateto the user that the web site has video, audio, and text available foraccess. The size of these icons in proportion to one another can bedrawn to illustrate the proportion of different media type available atthe web page. Additionally, other types of available media such as stillphotographs may be indicated by other icons.

The upper right-hand corner 540 has a science icon 540, a sports icon542, and a drama icon 544. The science icon 540 has the appearance of apartially filled beaker. The sports icon 542 has the appearance of abaseball. The drama icon 544 has the appearance of a couple of theatermasks. These together indicate that sports, science, and drama contentare all available from the web page. Of course, one can imagine a widevariety of different content that may be provided and a correspondingnumber of content icons. For example, a paintbrush and/or easel couldrepresent art content, an image of capital building could indicatepolitical content, an image of a bookshelf could indicate a library ofinformation, an icon of a map could indicate geography information, etc.

The lower right-hand corner 506 has a gender/age icon 560, a paymentmethod icon 562, and a membership icon 564. The gender-age icon 560 hasthe appearance of an adolescent boy, thereby indicating the contentavailable at the web page tends to be suited for male adolescents. Thepayment method icon 562 has the appearance of a credit card, therebyindicating that in order to make purchases or take advantage of certainservices available at the web page, the user must have a credit cardaccount available for charging. The membership icon 564 indicates thatin order to fully utilize the web page, the user must be a member of aclub or organization that controls the web page.

The lower left-hand corner 508 has a size icon 580, a duration icon 582,and a communications speed icon 584. The size icon 580 has theappearance of a box, or storage cabinet, thereby indicating that anentire web site is available, as opposed to just a web page.Alternatively, the size icon 580 could have the appearance of a page ofpaper indicating that just a web page is available. The duration icon582 has the appearance of a “shooting” star thereby indicating thatcontent on the web page tends to be dynamic and temporary.Alternatively, the duration icon 582 could take the appearance of a sun,star, pyramid, or other such image that conveys permanence. Thecommunications speed icon 584 has the appearance of three curves eachwith a single arrowhead. This might indicate a relatively slowcommunications rate. In contrast, a communications speed icon 584 thathad three curves each with multiple arrowheads may indicate a relativelyrapid communications rate.

As will be appreciated, the Multicon Linkmark can take on a variety offorms. In particular, the Multicon Linkmark is not limited to the fourquadrant type Multicon Linkmark 500 of FIG. 10. Rather, the humanreadable information can be arranged within the Linkmark in any order,including randomly. Further, a Multicon can be used separately from aLinkmark. For example, imagine an interface book full of differentLinkmarks and Multicon Linkmarks. On the cover of the interface book (orperhaps on book tabs), it may be useful to display a reference Multiconthat indicates the variety of different Linkmarks and Multicon Linkmarksavailable within the book, even though the reference Multicon need notitself include machine readable information.

FIG. 11 illustrates a Multicon Linkmark 500 having human readableinformation as described above with reference to FIG. 10, the MulticonLinkmark 500 coupled together with four different instruction marks 600,602, 604, and 606. The instruction marks include machine readableinformation providing operating instructions for controlling thecomputer process indicated by the information encoded in the MulticonLinkmark 500. Additionally, the instruction marks may be color orgraphic design coded to provide an indication of the nature of theinstruction in a human readable format.

FIG. 12 is a Multicon legend 618 showing some example Multicon Linkmarkicons conveying human readable information. An icon 620 indicatescomputer related subject matter. An icon 622 indicates audio media. Anicon 624 indicates video media. An icon 626 indicates film media. Icons628 and 630 represent a quantity of information metric, small and large,respectively. An icon 632 indicates that content is intended for adultand children audiences. An icon 634 indicates that content is intendedfor adult audiences. An icon 636 indicates text media. An icon 638represents entertainment related subject matter. Icons 640 represent the“timeliness” or update frequency of information available at thecorresponding web page.

Thus under the scheme of FIG. 12, the Multicon Linkmark 644 of FIG. 13indicates to a user that the corresponding web site is entertaining,contains subject matter suitable for adults and children, includes filmand audio media, and is a relatively small website that is updatedirregularly. Likewise, the Multicon Linkmark 646 of FIG. 14 indicates tothe user that the corresponding web site is entertaining, containssubject matter suitable for adults and children, includes text and audiomedia, and is a relatively large website that is updated regularly.Finally, the Multicon Linkmark 648 of FIG. 15 indicates to the user thatthe corresponding web site is computer-related, contains subject matterintended primarily for adults, consists of text media, and is arelatively small website that is updated regularly.

FIG. 16 illustrates the rendering of two-dimensional bar codes usingfour different colors. A cyan glyph 650, a magenta glyph 652, a yellowglyph 654 and a black glyph 656 are combined together to form a coloredtwo-dimensional bar code 660. Each of the single color glyphs isarranged such that the digital information represented by thecombination two-dimensional bar code 660 provides a meaningfultwo-dimensional bar code. Additionally, the intensities of the coloringin each single color glyph is designed such that the color average, asshown by the image 662, further stores information encoded as the coloraverage. Thus information is stored within the two-dimensional bar code660 both by the combined glyph and the color average. By providing atechnique for dual encoding, the present invention means users may havesensors of varying sophistication. For example, certain sensors may onlybe capable of determining the average color information, while othersmay be able to determine both average color information and theinformation encoded in the two-dimensional bookmark.

While this invention has been described in terms of several preferredembodiments and a number of specific examples, there are alterations,permutations, and equivalents which fall within the scope of thisinvention. Therefore it is desired that the appended claims beinterpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, andequivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the presentinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An encoded physical medium suitable for use ininterfacing a computer user and a computer system such that the user cancontrol a plurality of computer implemented processes, the encodedphysical medium comprising: a linkmark wherein machine readable linkinginformation has been encoded, the encoded linking information indicatinga computer implemented process, the computer system operable to open upthe computer implemented process when the linkmark is selected by thecomputer user; an instruction mark wherein a machine readable operatinginstruction has been encoded, the encoded operating instructionincluding an instruction that can be executed by the computerimplemented process; wherein the encoded information has been encodedaccording to a spectral encoding scheme.
 2. An encoded physical mediumas recited in claim 1 wherein the computer implemented processcorresponds to a web page.
 3. An encoded physical medium as recited inclaim 2 wherein the encoded operating instruction is a navigationinstruction suitable for controlling navigation on the web page.
 4. Anencoded physical medium as recited in claim 3 wherein the encodedoperating instruction is a scroll command.
 5. An encoded physical mediumas recited in claim 2 wherein the linkmark further includes humanreadable information providing an indication of at least onecharacteristic of the web page to which the encoded linking informationdirects the computer system.
 6. An encoded physical medium as recited inclaim 5 wherein the human readable information provides a graphicalindication of media format available at the web page.
 7. An encodedphysical medium as recited in claim 6 wherein the media format availableat the web page includes playable video.
 8. An encoded physical mediumas recited in claim 7 wherein the graphical indication of the mediaformat available at the web page includes a graphic of videotaperecording media.
 9. An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 6wherein the media format available at the web page includes playableaudio.
 10. An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 9 wherein thegraphical indication of the media format available at the web pageincludes a graphic of an audio recording media.
 11. An encoded physicalmedium as recited in claim 6 wherein the media format available at theweb page includes text.
 12. An encoded physical medium as recited inclaim 11 wherein the graphical indication of the media format availableat the web page includes a graphic corresponding to text.
 13. An encodedphysical medium as recited in claim 6 wherein media format available atthe web page includes at least two of video, audio, and text.
 14. Anencoded physical medium as recited in claim 13 wherein the graphicalindication includes a separate graphic for each type of media formatavailable at the web page, and the relative physical sizing of eachseparate graphic one to another provides an indication of the relativeproportion of each type of media format available at the web page. 15.An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 5 wherein the humanreadable information provides a graphical indication of content typeavailable from the web page.
 16. An encoded physical medium as recitedin claim 15 wherein the content type available from the web pageincludes at least one content type selected from the group consisting ofarts, humanities, business, economy, computers, Internet, education,entertainment, government, health, news, media, recreation, sports,reference, regional, science, social science, society, culture, andgeography.
 17. An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 5 whereinthe human readable information provides a graphical indication of acommunications rate that the computer user can expect to experience wheninterfacing with the web page.
 18. An encoded physical medium as recitedin claim 5 wherein the human readable information provides a graphicalindication of the quantity of information available at the web page. 19.An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 5 wherein the humanreadable information provides a graphical indication of at least onerequirement that must be met in order to fully utilize the web page. 20.An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 19 wherein the at leastone requirement that must be met in order to fully utilize the web pageis that the computer user must be a member.
 21. An encoded physicalmedium as recited in claim 19 wherein the at least one requirement thatmust be met in order to fully utilize the web site is that the computeruser must have a credit card available.
 22. An encoded physical mediumas recited in claim 19 wherein the at least one requirement that must bemet in order to fully utilize the web site is that the computer systemmust be capable of running a specific computer application.
 23. Anencoded physical medium as recited in claim 5 wherein the human readableinformation provides a graphical indication of a user type that may beparticularly interested in the web page.
 24. An encoded physical mediumas recited in claim 23 wherein the graphical indication of the user typeindicates a suggested user age range.
 25. An encoded physical medium asrecited in claim 23 wherein the graphical indication of the user typeindicates a suggested user gender.
 26. An encoded physical medium asrecited in claim 1 wherein the computer implemented process correspondsto an application program that is executable upon the computer system.27. An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 26 wherein theencoded operating instruction is a navigation instruction suitable forcontrolling navigation within the application program.
 28. An encodedphysical medium as recited in claim 27 wherein the encoded operatinginstruction is a scroll command.
 29. An encoded physical medium asrecited in claim 26 wherein the encoded operating instruction is aparticular function that can be performed by the application program.30. An encoded physical medium as described in claim 1, wherein thespectral encoding scheme includes light outside the visible spectrum.31. An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 30 wherein thespectral encoding scheme includes infrared light.
 32. An encodedphysical medium as recited in claim 1 wherein the spectral encodingscheme includes encoding colors red, green, and blue, and the spectralencoding scheme encodes information based upon the intensities of theencoding colors red, green, and blue.
 33. An encoded physical medium asrecited in claim 1 wherein the encoded information has been encodedaccording to a two-dimensional bar code, and said two-dimensional barcode is generated using the spectral encoding scheme.
 34. An encodedphysical medium as recited in claim 1 wherein the two-dimensional barcode is generated using a spectral encoding scheme such that the averagecolor of each mark corresponds to a certain information separate fromthe bar code information of each mark.
 35. A computer system suitablefor controlling a computer implemented process, the computer systemcomprising: a digital processor; memory coupled to the digitalprocessor, the memory storing operating instructions suitable forcontrolling the operation of the digital processor; an encoded physicalmedium including: a linkmark wherein machine readable linkinginformation has been encoded, the encoded linking information indicatinga computer implemented process, the computer system operable to open upthe computer implemented process when the linkmark is selected by thecomputer user; an instruction mark wherein a machine readable operatinginstruction has been encoded, the encoded operating instructionincluding an instruction that can be executed by the computerimplemented process; a sensor coupled to the digital processor andoperable for measuring information present within each mark located onthe encoded physical medium; wherein the encoded information has beenencoded according to a spectral encoding scheme.
 36. A computer systemas recited in claim 35 wherein the coupling between the sensor and thedigital processor is a remote linkage.
 37. A computer system as recitedin claim 35 wherein the computer system is coupled to the Internet, andthe encoded linking information includes a uniform resource locator(URL).
 38. A computer system as recited in claim 36 wherein the computersystem is a WebTV coupled to the Internet, and the encoded linkinginformation includes a uniform resource locator (URL).
 39. A computersystem as recited in claim 35 wherein the sensor includes a shroud, asensing element and at least three light emitting diodes, wherein thelight emitting diodes are operable to emit light corresponding to atleast three different encoding colors.
 40. A computer system as recitedin claim 39 wherein the shroud at least partially prevents the sensorfrom measuring extraneous information in the form of ambient light. 41.A computer system as recited in claim 39 wherein the spectral encodingscheme includes encoding colors red, green, and blue, and the spectralencoding scheme encodes information based upon the intensities of theencoding colors red, green, and blue.
 42. A method for interfacing ahuman user with a computer system, the method comprising the steps of:providing an encoded physical medium, including a linkmark whereinmachine readable linking information has been encoded, the encodedlinking information indicating a computer implemented process, whereinthe encoded information has been encoded according to a spectralencoding scheme; in response to the user selecting the linkmark,measuring and decoding the machine readable information encoded withinthe link; and invoking the computer implemented process.
 43. A method asrecited in claim 42 wherein the machine readable linking informationincludes a uniform resource locator, and the computer implementedprocess indicated by the machine readable linking information is a webpage.
 44. A method as recited in claim 43 wherein the step of invokingthe computer implemented process includes the substeps of: establishinga communications link between the computer system and the web page; anddisplaying the web page upon a display screen of the computer system.45. A method as recited in claim 44 wherein the encoded physical mediumfurther includes an instruction mark wherein a machine readableoperating instruction has been encoded, the encoded operatinginstruction including an instruction that can be executed by thecomputer implemented process.
 46. A method as recited in claim 45 where,in response to the user selecting the instruction mark, the computersystem decodes the machine readable operating instruction and transmitsit to the web page.
 47. A method as recited in claim 46 wherein the webpage performs the machine readable operating instruction.
 48. A methodas recited in claim 47 wherein the machine readable operatinginstruction is navigation instruction.
 49. A method as recited in claim42 wherein the computer implemented process is a computer application,and the step of invoking the computer implemented process includesinitiating execution of the computer application on the computer system.50. A method as recited in claim 49 wherein the encoded physical mediumfurther includes an instruction mark wherein a machine readableoperating instruction has been encoded, the encoded operatinginstruction including an instruction that can be executed by thecomputer application.
 51. A method as recited in claim 50 where, inresponse to the user selecting the instruction mark, the computerapplication performs the encoded operating instruction.
 52. An encodedphysical medium suitable for use in interfacing a computer user and acomputer system such that the user can invoke and interface with a website by way of the encoded physical medium and the computer system, theencoded physical medium comprising a linkmark wherein machine readablelinking information has been encoded, the encoded linking informationindicating a particular web site, the computer system operable toestablish a communication link with the web site when the linkmark isselected by the computer user, the linkmark displaying human readableinformation in the form of at least one graphical icon, the at least onegraphical icon providing an indication of at least one characteristic ofthe particular web page to which the encoded linking information directsthe computer system, wherein the encoded information has been encodedaccording to a spectral encoding scheme.
 53. An encoded physical mediumas recited in claim 52 wherein the graphical icon is an image of a videocamera recorder thus indicating that the particular web page has contentavailable in video film format.
 54. An encoded physical medium asrecited in claim 52 wherein the graphical icon is a computer systemimage thus indicating that the particular web page has content relatedto computer technology.
 55. An encoded physical medium as recited inclaim 52 wherein the graphical icon is an image of an audio speaker thusindicating that the particular web page has content available in audiomedia format.
 56. An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 52wherein the graphical icon is an image of a child thus indicating thatthe particular web page has content that is suitable for children. 57.An encoded physical medium as recited in claim 52 wherein the graphicalicon is an image of an adult thus indicating that the particular webpage has content that is suitable for adults.